The ebola virus disease outbreak now ravaging parts of west africa is the largest on record. In the present paper, we used a seir model developed by astacio, et al. The outbreak began in guinea in december 201 and later spread to sierra leone, liberia and nigeria. The 2014 ebola virus ebov outbreak in west africa is the largest outbreak of the genus ebolavirusto date. This article is an overview of the many published investigations of how ebola virus circulates in its natural environment, focusing on the viral reservoir, susceptible animal species, environmental conditions favoring interspecies transmission, and how. Analysis of the short and mediumterm costs of the ebola epidemic should spur governments of nonaffected countries to act quickly to put in place preventive measures. Over the past 40 years, sporadic ebola virus disease evd outbreaks have occurred mostly in the central african region. Ebola virus disease evd is a lifethreatening viral disease with a fatality rate ranging from around 30% to 90%. Who responds to ebola virus disease outbreak in west africa. Ebola virus disease who regional office for africa. This list of ebola outbreaks records the known occurrences of ebola virus disease, a highly.
West african ebola virus epidemic timeline of reported. Estimating the reproduction number of ebola virus ebov. Ebola is a virus that was discovered back in 1976, but has not failed to grab peoples attention in the recent years 1. Ehf has been associated with large human outbreaks, with case fatality rates for zebov as high as 90% 7, 8, 9. This information was published four days ago on the 15th of january 2016 by who. The western african ebola virus epidemic 202016 was the most widespread outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in historycausing major loss of life and socioeconomic disruption in the region, mainly in guinea, liberia and sierra leone. At present, there is still no registered prophylaxis or curative biologicals against evd. Tracking virus outbreaks in the twentyfirst century. The figure above is a bar chart showing the number of cases of ebola viral disease evd in the ongoing outbreak that were reported from guinea, by week of symptom onset in during 2014. The variety of factors that contributed to the initial undetected spread of ebola virus disease in west africa during 202016 and the difficulty controlling the outbreak once the etiology was identified highlight priorities for disease prevention, detection, and response. Zaire ebolavirus, the most fatal ebola virus, was associated with the 20142016 outbreak in west africa, the largest ebola outbreak to date with more than 28,600 cases. Several countries spanning the equatorial forest regions of africa have had outbreaks of ebola hemorrhagic fever over the last three decades. Zaire ebolavirus is the deadliest strain with sudan second, and also the one that is causing the current outbreak. The genesis of the ebola virus outbreak in west africa the lancet.
The first evd outbreak was reported in the 1970s in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo. Pdf ebola virus disease evd is a lifethreatening viral disease with a fatality rate. Unlike past occurrences, which affected remote locations, the current outbreak is. The 202016 outbreak, caused by ebola virus ebov 37 was the first anywhere in the world to reach epidemic proportions. Between 1994 and 1996, outbreaks of ebolazaire occurred in parts of south africa, gabon, and the congo. Infectious%20diseases%20and%20impact%20assessments. As of 20 february 2020 the outbreak is still ongoing. Location of cases of ebola viral disease west africa, 2014 cases reported as of june 18, 2014. The tremendous outbreak of ebola virus disease occurring in west africa since the end of 20 surprises by its remoteness from previous epidemics and dramatic extent. Ebola has demonstrated that disease threats do not stop at passport control and that health security is national security.
She was the division head of microbiology at henry ford hospital in detroit, mi, for 12 years prior to joining the faculty at. As of september 14, 2014, a total of 4507 confirmed and probable cases of ebola virus disease evd, as well as 2296 deaths from the virus, had been reported from five countries in west africa. To reduce the risk of infecti on in west africa the following options are available. The ebola virus can cause severe viral haemorrhagic fever ebola hf outbreaks in. Jan 14, 2016 deadly ebola outbreak ends in west africa for now. Dec, 2018 for example, the reebov antigen rapid test for ebola virus infection developed during the recent epidemic could be deployed throughout subsaharan africa to help detect new outbreaks 99,100.
Biology 101, mwf 10am ebola paper ebola virus over the past couple years, discussion regarding the ebola virus has gone viral and ignited chaos both domestically and abroad. West africa, in guinea, and it spread rapidly to neighboring countries. Essay on the elusive natural history of ebola viruses intechopen. The outbreak started in guinea and rapidly spread to liberia. A table of all known ebola outbreaks can be found in the who report who.
In fact, west africa has seen more cases of the disease in 2014 than have been seen in all other. Ebola virus disease evd started as a minor infection in uganda in 1974 and has been frequent in central africa region for the past 40 years. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in gabon 1994, 1996, 1997 and 20012002. Visit the ebola outbreak section for information on current ebola outbreaks on march 23, 2014, the world health organization who reported cases of ebola virus disease evd in the forested rural region of southeastern guinea. Ebola virus disease, which shows that the historical fatality of the zaire strain has been between 44% and above 90%. According to the world health organization, ebola has been blamed for 11,310 deaths in the west africa nations of liberia, guinea and sierra leone, out of a total 28,616 cases. Genetic and epidemiological evidence from who officially confirms that the outbreak of ebola virus disease in the democratic republic of congo is unrelated to that ravaging west africa.
Department statistics, karnatak university, dharwad, india abstract. Ebola virus disease commonly known as ebola was first described in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks in the democratic republic of the congo and what is now south sudan. However soon after this, a new confirmed case has been identified in sierra leone. Rapid risk assessment outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, 8 april 2014 3 haemorrhagic manifestations can appear in more than half of the patients bloody diarrhoea, nosebleeds, haematemesis, petechiae, ecchymosis and puncture bleedings. During the fallout from the 2014 ebola outbreak in west africa. Ebola in west africa cdcs role in epidemic detection. Ebola virus disease outbreak west africa, september 2014. Both patients have been released from the hospital after testing confirmed that they no longer have ebola virus in.
As noted in a recent report from the who, ebola in west africa was an old disease in a new context that favored rapid and initially invisible spread who, 2015d. Since ebola virus disease was staff participated in the smallpox eradication program, one identifiedin west africa on march 23, 2014, the centers for disease control and prevention cdc has undertaken the most intensive response in the agencys history. Previous ebola virus outbreaks have been confined to remote regions of. An outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in west africa, with onset in early february 2014, is evolving in guinea and liberia. These factors include occurrence in a region recovering from civil instability and lacking experience with ebola. The west african countries of guinea, liberia, and sierra leone have been. For example, the reebov antigen rapid test for ebola virus infection developed during the recent epidemic could be deployed throughout subsaharan africa to help detect new outbreaks 99,100. Ebola outbreak in west africa safey emergency system. In the final stages of the disease, patients start leaking blood from every orifice and eventually bleed to death. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, fourth update, 3 sep 2014. Ebola returns, and central africas virus hunters are ready. Ebola is a hemorrhagic fever that kills most of its victims within a few days. Ebola outbreak of 201416, also called 2014 ebola outbreak in west africa or ebola outbreak of 2014, outbreak of ebola virus disease that ravaged countries in western africa in 201416 and was noted for its unprecedented magnitude.
Past and present article pdf available in the onderstepoort journal of veterinary research 792. The latest 2014 breakout started in west africa, first cases notified in march 2014, is the largest and most complex ebola outbreak since the. The first cases were recorded in guinea in december 20. Ebola virus was identified in 1976 after simultaneous, highly lethal outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever occurred in northern zaire now the democratic republic of congo drc and southern sudan, each caused by a different strain of the virus muyembetamfum et al. As of august 27, no confirmed ebola cases have been reported in the united states. On 11 june 2019, the who confirmed that a fiveyearold boy in uganda died after being diagnosed with ebola.
Ebola returns, and central africas virus hunters are. Subsequent outbreaks of ebola in uganda, gabon, south africa, sudan and zaire. For over 40 years, ebola was treated as an african disease, called a fever and known by other names where occurrences have been frequent. On 1 august 2018, the democratic republic of the congo ministry of health declared an outbreak when 4 individuals tested positive for the ebola virus. By january 2016, suspected and confirmed cases had totaled more than 28,600, and reported deaths numbered about 11,300, making the outbreak significantly larger. In march 2014, the ministry of health of guinea notified the world health organization of an ebola virus disease outbreak in the southeastern part of the country. Oct 11, 2015 ebola virus disease evd started as a minor infection in uganda in 1974 and has been frequent in central africa region for the past 40 years. Therefore, the patent was for the invention of a diagnosticmethod for detecting the bundibugyo strain of the ebola virus. The natural history of ebola virus in africa sciencedirect. However, a milder strain has been found in both pigs and monkeys in the philippines. Combining this result with that of the macroeconomic model, we determine.
This type of work is necessary for the development of vaccines and therapeutic drugs for ebola. Infected animals can transmit the virus to humans that are in any health condition. Until 20, most outbreaks occurred in the central africa region, including zaire, sudan and uganda. By combining classic field investigations with an assay that can measure ebola virus. Ebolavirus disease ebola outbreaks in africa important information for clinicians in secondary or tertiary care 6 june 2018 key point clinicians should be alert to the possibility of ebola in unwell travellers returning from affected areas of africa, and obtain a full travel and exposure history. Analysis of ebola epidemic outbreaks in west africa. Ebola virus disease in west africa the first 9 months of. Number of cases of ebola viral disease n 398, by week of symptom onset guinea, 2014 cases reported as of june 18, 2014. Stopping the virus in west africa is an investment in keeping it from u. The reemergence of the same virus that hadnt been seen since the 1970s, and the fact that the virus was almost virtually the same, has scientists concerned by the durability and resilience of the virus. Socioeconomic impact of ebola virus disease in west african. Oct 16, 2014 because ebola virus is spread mainly through contact with the body fluids of symptomatic patients, transmission can be stopped by a combination of early diagnosis, contact tracing, patient isolation and care, infection control, and safe burial. Zaire, sudan and bundibugyo ebola viruses are accountable for most of the ehf epidemic but zebov establish a particularly serious threat to both human and nhps in subsaharan africa. Unfortunately, many lessons learned from nearly four decades of ebola outbreaks in central africa did not inform the response when the virus emerged in guinea in 20.
Perspectives on west africa ebola virus disease outbreak. Distribution of ebola virus disease prevalence probability for west africa countries. As of june 18, 2014, a total of 528 cases, including 337 deaths, had been reported from guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. Center for emerging and zoonotic diseases, national institute for.
The first outbreaks of ehf occurred nearly simultaneously in 1976 in the democratic republic of the congo drc, former zaire and sudan with very high case fatality rates of 88% and 53%, respectively. E1e8 june 2012 with 366 reads how we measure reads. The recent outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in west africa has highlighted both the importance of rapid and accurate diagnosis of this disease and the challenges around diagnostic testing. The recent ebola virus outbreak is in west africa, and is centered in parts of guinea and liberia. Aug 01, 2014 haemorrhagic fever in guinea, dated 23 march 2014 12. The world health organization who announced saturday that an outbreak of ebola in the far north of the country. This contradicts professor francis boyles claim that the ebola virus in west africa transmitted by air. While public health interventions have been introduced in all affected countries, the numbers. The 2014 ebola outbreak in western africa has been the most severe. Ninety percent of these ebolazaire cases, and 50 percent of these ebolasudan cases, resulted in death. Socioeconomic impact of ebola virus disease in west. The first evd outbreak was reported in the 1970s in zaire now the democratic.
Experience tells us that ebola outbreaks can be contained, even. The 2014 ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa is the longest, largest, deadliest, and the most complex in history. Ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal illness, with a death rate of up to 90% caused by ebola virus, a member of the filovirus family. A year after the deadliest ebola outbreak ever in africa, the virus has returned.
Since the west africa ebola epidemic, there have been trials for a new vaccine, but currently there is no licensed ebola vaccine. According to the inventors, crossprotection studies will need to be done. Because it has spread to urban areas, it is different from earlier outbreaks, which were usually. The ebola virus can cause severe viral haemorrhagic fever ebola hf outbreaks in humans with a case fatality rate of up to 90%. The two outbreaks were caused by two distinct species of ebola virus named zaire ebolavirus zebov. Rapid risk assessment outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, seventh update, 17 oct 2014 2 the options for risk reduction are. Analysis of ebola epidemic outbreaks in west africa talawar a. The outbreak led to the discovery of a new species of ebola virus, namely ciebov le guenno et al. Ebola virus disease in west africa pubmed central pmc. Pdf over the past 40 years, sporadic ebola virus disease evd outbreaks have occurred mostly in the central african region. Lessons from the ebola outbreak in west africa the. Ebola virus disease, which shows that the historical fatality of the zaire. Ebola virus disease in west africa no early end to the. In march 2014, an outbreak of evd was recognized in guinea which would become the most significant outbreak of haemorrhagic fever in africa to date.
The zaire strain was first detected in the congo drc in 1976. The figure above is a map of west africa, showing the wide geographic spread of cases of ebola viral disease during the ongoing outbreak. Number of new cases of ebola virus disease reported west africa, august 31september 20, 2014 cumulative number of reported ebola virus disease cases per 100,000 persons since december 22, 20. Zaire ebolavirus, bundibugyo ebolavirus, and sudan ebolavirus are the three species of ebola virus responsible for the larger outbreaks in africa.
The outbreak started in guinea and rapidly spread to liberia and sierra leone, claiming thousands of lives. West african ebola virus epidemic timeline of reported cases. The emergence of ebola as a global health security. In 1976, the investigation of concurrent outbreaks of a hemorrhagic fever syndrome ebola virus disease evd in zaire currently democratic republic of congo and sudan currently republic of south sudan 1,2 led to isolation of 2 viruses now referred to as ebola virus ebov and sudan virus, respectively, and to identification of a newly recognized viral hemorrhagic fever genus. The 20142016 ebola outbreak in west africa has ended. Ebola virus disease cumulative incidence west africa, september 20, 2014 boffa boke fria gaoual koundara conakry.
Detailed information about the ebola virus and the epidemiology of evd can be found in a first update, entitled outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, published on 8 april 2014. Exacerbation of the disease may occur in the coming months because the topic is very important, i decided to refresh some information about this deadly disease. The 2014 epidemic got as bad as it did in part because west africa had no real experience with ebola, and in part because the disease spread from rural areas to citiesin guinea, liberia, and. Both patients have been released from the hospital after testing confirmed that they no longer have ebola virus in their blood. In march 2014, the world health organization who reported a major ebola outbreak in guinea, a western african nation, the disease then rapidly spread to the neighboring countries of liberia and sierra leone with smaller outbreaks occurring in senegal, nigeria, and mali. That result meant that the volunteer had survived an encounter with that virus in the past.
571 944 1166 402 664 1539 752 13 486 982 1339 1203 1066 523 626 465 191 1314 1229 756 1431 612 690 1247 24 503 1219 152